Prologue
Many words try to explain the power of a woman: submission, feminism, traditional gender roles, and equal rights. Most, if not all, miss what the Bible teaches about a woman’s invaluable design and purpose. A brief survey of prominent women in the Bible shows that God works powerfully through women to advance salvation history. In part 1, we will survey 15 notable women in the Scriptures. In part 2, we will consider the power of women within the various contexts of Scripture.
The Power of a Woman – What Defines It?
Each person on Earth is unique, so one cannot explicitly define the power of a woman with an all-encompassing definition. The power of a woman resides in each person’s God-given attributes. Among these are emotional, moral, and physical strengths. These enable a woman’s ability to raise children, influence others, conquer challenges, and mold societal norms. Thus, the power of a woman is a subtle total of many skills, abilities, and personality traits.
Part 1: 15 Powerful Women in the Bible
- Eve (Gen 2-3)
- Sarah (Gen 12-25)
- Rebekah (Gen 24-28)
- Leah and Rachel (Gen 29-35)
- Rahab (Josh 2)
- Jael (Judg 4)
- Deborah (Judg 4-5)
- Esther (Esther 1-10)
- Ruth (Ruth 1-4)
- Abigail (1 Sam 25)
- Bathsheba (2 Sam 11-12)
- Mary (Matt 1-2; Luke 1-2)
- Mary Magdalene (The Gospels)
- Lydia (Acts 16)
- Priscilla (Acts 18)
Eve, the Mother of All the Living
In Genesis, God ends His creative acts with, “And God saw that it was good.”(Gen 1:10, 1:12, 1:18, 1:21, 1:25). But this pattern is interrupted when God decides it is not good for him to be alone. “Then the Lord God said, ‘It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper fit for him.'”(Gen 2:18).
Often translated as “helper,” ʿēzer emphasizes a person’s power to help another.1 The Old Testament uses “helper” throughout. It does not mean inferior. It is used to describe God’s relationship with his people.2 In the opening pages of Scripture, the power of a woman is her creation as a help-mate to Adam. He alone cannot fulfill God’s covenant of works.3 She was brought forth from man, yet never absent from God’s good purposes. God created the woman and brought wholeness to his creation.
One way Eve would help the world was by bearing children. It was a God-given ability. Even after the fall of man, God promised redemption through “the seed of the woman.” She will bring forth the one who will crush the serpent’s head and destroy sin and death forever (Gen 3:15). Facing the curses of the fall and the penalty of death, Adam, by faith, renames the woman Eve. She was “the mother of all living,” and he understood that God would bring about the Savior of the world through her.
Sarah, the Wife of Abraham
Sarah is a reputed beauty used by God to advance salvation history. Her power is initially related to her being a “very beautiful” woman. This trait attracts powerful men during her travels with her husband, Abraham (Gen 12:11).
A faithful wife, Sarah left her country and her family because God had promised Abraham a land to dwell in. God also promised that Abraham would have many descendants. Sarah’s prolonged barrenness caused her to become impatient. God renewed the covenant with Abraham. He declared about Sarah, “… kings of peoples shall come from her” (Gen 17:4, 16). Sarah is an equally powerful and faithful recipient of God’s covenant blessings.
The New Testament makes it clear that God enabled Sarah to bear children. This ability was given because she believed God was faithful in keeping his promises (Heb 11:11). Beyond the power of physical beauty, Sarah demonstrated how a woman’s power lies in true beauty, that is, her inner person’s character and spiritual depth. This person faithfully embraced God’s promises.
Faithful To Give Victory To His Own
Rebekah, the Wife of Isaac
Genesis 24 is the longest chapter in Genesis. It shows God’s heart for His people: godly marriage. Introduced in Genesis 2, marriage is God’s design for men and women in a covenant of love and friendship. As the covenant promises pass to Abraham and his son, Isaac, someone asks: whom will he marry? Abraham puts his servant in charge of this vital job. The covenant promises it will continue through Isaac.
Abraham’s servant prays for God’s success and favor. He then finds Rebekah in the house of Nahor, Abraham’s brother. As her brother and father send her to Isaac, they encourage her. They say, “‘Our sister, may you become thousands of ten thousands, and may your offspring possess the gate of those who hate him!'” (Gen 24:60). This repeated God’s promises to Abraham (Gen 22:7).
Rebekah’s prominence comes from being a faithful wife of the patriarch Isaac. Through her womb, the struggle of the seeds and the triumph of God’s covenant promises continue through her youngest son Jacob. The LORD tells her, “Two nations are in your womb; And two peoples will be separated from your body; And one people shall be stronger than the other; And the older shall serve the younger.” (Gen 25:23). We read that “Isaac loved Esau, because he had a taste for game, but Rebekah loved Jacob” (Gen 25:28). Despite their differing loves, Rebekah helps Jacob. She believes in God’s promises. They deceive Isaac and steal the covenant blessing. Some may question the deception. But, Rebekah believed “the older shall serve the younger” (Gen 25:23).
Rachel and Leah
The story of Rachel and Leah and their servants is one of beauty, devotion, and deception. This complex tale of twists and family strife gives rise to twelve sons. They are the offspring of prominent women.
Like Sarah and Rebekah, their fame comes from their marriages and the Lord’s covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
In a duel for their husbands’ love, Rachel and Leah give birth to the twelve tribes of Israel. This shows the messiness of faith, the power of a woman, and God’s promises.
As the “seed of the woman” grows through a family feud, the path for the Messiah becomes clearer over time (Gen 28:12, 32:28, 49:10).
Rahab, the Prostitute
The book of Joshua introduces Rahab. She was a prostitute who lived in Jericho around 1400 BC. When Israel’s leader, Joshua, sent two spies to scout the land, Rahab hid and protected these men from danger.
News of God’s plan to conquer Jericho frightened the land’s inhabitants. Rahab believed that they would destroy Jericho. She declared to the spies:”… for the Lord your God is God in heaven above and on the Earth below.” (Josh 2:11). Rahab’s words represent a significant moment in the story. Her genuine faith in Israel’s God empowered her to go against the king of Jericho, risk her life, and save the spies. The Old Testament records Rahab’s actions. But that record demonstrates her powerful faith, courage, and God’s favor over her life in the future. Scripture tells us that God chose this prostitute from a pagan land to advance his holy lineage. She was the great-great-grandmother of King David, ancestor of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Queen Esther
“I will go to the king, even though it is against the law. And if I perish, I perish” (Esth 4:16 NIV). Esther, the Jewish orphan-turned-queen living in Persia, spoke these powerful words. She used courage, patience, and wisdom to save her people.
A royal official named Haman convinced King Xerxes to kill all Jews in Persia. Esther chose to intercede for her people. She appeared, unsummoned, before the king, a crime punishable by death. The king spares her and promises to grant her request. Everyone is astonished. In a calculated move, Esther invited Haman and the king to a royal banquet. This invitation further drew the king’s attention and curiosity. After a final banquet, Esther uses the favor she has gained from the king to reveal her Jewish identity. She accuses Haman of plotting to kill not only her but all Esther’s relatives as well. In a rage, King Xerxes rushed to defend Esther. He ordered Haman’s execution.
Esther shows the power of a woman. She confronted death with the courage to fight for what was right. Instead of a hasty request to save herself and her people, she shows wisdom. She times her appeal well, proving her strategic thinking.
Deborah and Jael
The book of Judges introduces two women God uses to bring deliverance to his people. This period was when “the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD” (Judg 4:1). In response to Israel’s sins and subsequent cries, the Lord raised Deborah as a prophetess. She became a judge and leader in Israel for 40 years. Deborah sent for a man named Barak to lead the Lord’s armies. His initial hesitation results in the honor of victory going to a woman named Jael.
In this story, we find two women who trust in the Lord to bring down their enemies. With the words “Arise!…the Lord has gone out,” Deborah orders Barak to fight the armies of Sisera. Sisera quickly leaves his chariot and flees. He finds refuge in Jael’s tent. Without hesitation, Jael outmaneuvers the army commander. She kills Sisera with a hammer and peg. As she pierces his head, the Lord gains a victory over the serpent’s seed (Gen 3:15) through the power of a woman.
While Gideon, David, and others will win for Israel, “a mother in Israel” and “the most blessed of women, Jael” triumphs in this story (Judg 5:7, 5:24). Both women remind us that the Lord is not limited to men alone, as He brings down kingdoms and armies.
Ruth the Moabite
The story of Ruth starts with the death of a Jewish man and his two sons in Moab. These three left behind their widowed wives: Naomi, Ruth, and Orpah. As Naomi and her daughters-in-law travel to Judah, she urges them to stay in Moab and remarry. Though deeply saddened, Orpah agrees to leave, while Ruth vows steadfast loyalty to Naomi.
Ruth replied, “For where you go I will go, and where you lodge I will lodge. Your people shall be my people, and your God my God. Where you die I will die, and there will I be buried. May the Lord do so to me and more also if anything but death parts me from you.” (Ruth 1:16-17).
At Naomi’s urging, Ruth seeks marriage with a wealthy man named Boaz, Naomi’s relative. As the story develops, we learn that Boaz is a “Kinsman-Redeemer.” Mosaic Law mandates this role for relatives to support and marry widowed or impoverished family members (Lev 25). Ruth’s willingness to be vulnerable in her request shows her deep faith and heroism. Her actions are driven not by personal gain but by her desire to honor her family through Naomi.
Her strength of character and commitment to her word exemplified Ruth’s power. The Lord rewarded her abundantly by grafting another non-Israelite woman into his holy lineage (Ruth 4:22).
Abigail
After Samuel’s death, David went to the wilderness of Paran. There, we are introduced to Abigail and her husband, Nabal (meaning “fool”).
“Now the name of the man was Nabal, and the name of his wife Abigail. The woman was discerning and beautiful, but the man was harsh and badly behaved; he was a Calebite.” (1 Sam 25:3)
After extending protection to the shepherds of the lord of the land, David seeks refuge and favor in Nabal’s house. There, his messengers are scorned and insulted by Nabal, who rejects David and his men. David quickly commands his men: “… each of you gird on his sword” (1 Sam 25:13). Abigail and the servants of Nabal see and accept by their actions what Nabal stubbornly refused. They understand that David was on the way to becoming king (1 Sam 25:14-28).
As they prepare for battle, Abigail hastily gathers food and drink rations for David and his men and humbles herself before him. Abigail pleads with great understanding and discernment that Nabal’s blame and evil be cast on her. In prophetic speech, she knows it is the Lord’s doing. He has restrained David from vengeance and shedding blood. It is the Lord who will judge Nabal. The Lord will make David ruler over Israel and establish his house forever (1 Sam 25.24-31). Abigail is a courageous woman of great faith and wisdom who receives the Lord’s anointed, David, as king. Abigail proves to be no fool and is received in David’s house as his wife soon after Nabal’s death despite her mismatched marriage.
Mary, the Mother of Jesus
Mary, the mother of Christ, is divinely favored by God for her service rather than her status. Luke’s gospel contrasts her faith with Zacarias’s doubts. He did not believe the angel Gabriel due to his age (Luke 1:18). Mary, confused by her visitor, recalls the angel Gabriel’s words: “And behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son. You shall call his name Jesus.” (Luke 1:31). Mary, who knows God can do anything, even a virgin birth, replies, “Behold, I am the servant of the Lord; let it be to me according to your word.” (Luke 1:38). Elizabeth, her relative, also calls her blessed for believing (Luke 1:45).
Mary received God’s promises and rejoiced in him as her savior for having regard for her humble estate. Her faith is the source of her power. Her faith made her believe in the God of the impossible. She embraced her role as the mother of the world’s Savior.
Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene (not to be confused with Mary of Bethany) is a prominent follower of Jesus. She saw his crucifixion and resurrection. Luke’s gospel records that seven demons had gone out from her (Luke 8:2). Her prominence comes from her devotion to Christ (Mark 15:40-16:1)., her financial support of Christ’s ministry (Luke 8:3), and her commissioning to tell the apostles of the resurrection (John 20:18). She is often called the first evangelist.
Lydia
Lydia, a worshiper of God and seller of purple fabrics, is presented as the first convert in Europe. As she listened to Paul preach, “the Lord opened her heart to respond to the things spoken” (Acts 16:11-15). The Spirit of God has opened and enlightened her mind. So, she embraces the sign of faith for women in the gospel era4. She seeks to align her household with God’s promises by believing in Jesus Christ.
God’s wise providence directs Paul and his companions to a group of women in Philippi. They spread the gospel to Lydia and her household (Acts 16:6-10). Lydia’s home church encourages and refreshes Paul and Silas. They seek refuge from imprisonment to continue their missionary journey. As the gospel advances through Lydia’s household, it disrupts social norms and customs. It facilitates the widespread reception and proclamation of Christ.
Priscilla
Priscilla and her husband Aquila were two early Roman converts who fled to Corinth under Claudius’ expulsion (41 AD). She is often mentioned before her husband, which leads to discussions about her role in missionary work.
Alongside her husband, Priscilla is a tentmaker and a companion of Paul. They settle in Ephesus for a time. There, they meet Apollos, an eloquent, knowledgeable man in the scriptures. This epistle reports that Priscilla and her husband explained “the way of God more accurately” (Acts 18:26) to Apollos. In Ephesus, Priscilla and her husband start a home church, advancing the apostles’ missionary work (1 Cor 16:19).
After Claudius’s death, they likely returned to Rome as Paul’s supporters. There, Paul warmly acknowledges them in his epistle to the Romans. He calls them “my fellow workers in Christ Jesus, who risked their own lives for mine” (Rom 16:3-4). Though never separated from her husband, Aquila, Priscilla is never in a secondary role. She is renowned for her fervent missionary zeal in response to the gospel of Christ and her steadfast support of the Apostle Paul.
Part 2: The Power of Women in the Bible
The God-Given Power of Women That Men Lack: Childbearing
“With the help of the Lord I have brought forth a man” (Gen 4:1b). Women have a unique design that empowers them to create and sustain life, reflecting the image of God (Gen 1:27). The use of maternal metaphors to describe God in Scripture supports this idea.
God speaks through the prophet Isaiah, for example, and likens Himself to a “woman in childbirth” (Isa 42:14). Elsewhere, the Lord speaks through the prophet, saying, “Can a mother forget the baby at her breast and have no compassion on the child she has borne? Though she may forget, I will not forget you” (Isa 49:15).
God describes himself in maternal terms as he relates to his people. He says, “Yet it was I who taught Ephraim to walk; I took them up by their arms … I led them with cords of kindness … I became to them as one who eases the yoke on their jaws, and I bent down to them and fed them.” (Hos 11:3-4)
Finally, the popular “mama bear” idiom is found in Scripture to describe the Lord, who protects his own from danger “like a bear robbed of her cubs” (Hos 13:8).
Physical and Emotional Attributes
Teleology shows that women’s bodies reveal something about their Creator God.5 Even if women cannot physically fulfill this potential, motherhood is still a key way to show strength. Women’s ability to bear children has given them godly, maternal traits. These include “nurture, self-sacrifice, compassion, care, patience, and long-suffering.”6
Consider the many women who, for example, use their instincts to meet a crying infant’s needs. They endure the pain, marks, and scars of childbirth to bring forth life. Some scholars have also considered the dual metaphor in Isaiah 42. It describes God as both a “man of war…who stirs up his zeal; with a shout [to] raise the battle cry” and “a woman in childbirth” who cries out (Isa 42:13-14). They see it as underscoring God’s power.
7God has given women, through their ability to bear children, a power to reflect his image. This power should be embraced, not scorned. As Darrow L. Miller said, “God reveals his transcendent compassion, nurture, and protection in the female body.” This is certainly the single most important power of a woman from among all the others.
The Spiritual Power of a Woman
The victory that has overcome the world is our faith (1 John 5:4-5). It is faith, born of the Holy Spirit, that believes Christ Jesus is the Son of God. He “conquered kingdoms, performed acts of righteousness, obtained the promises” of God, and received a better resurrection (Heb 11:33-35).
A Quick Look at Biblical Accounts
The Old and New Testaments show us biblical women. They, by the Spirit, saw beyond their circumstances and trusted God. By faith, Esther sought the security of her people. Rahab hid the spies by faith and received the word of God’s glorious deeds. By faith, Ruth abandoned her land and people and received Naomi, her God, and her people as her own.
By faith, godly women in the Scriptures trusted that the woman’s seed would crush the serpent’s. They hoped it would prepare the way for the Messiah. Sarah, Rebekah, Hannah, and the Virgin Mary are four important women. They faced childlessness for various reasons. Yet, they were faithful to God and did not waver from His promises. Sarah’s story shows that the all-powerful God overturns the impossibility of a dead womb. Together with Abraham, they both hoped and laughed against hope. The story repeats with Rebekah and Hannah. They prepare for the virgin birth of Jesus Christ, the greatest of impossibilities.
Modern Day Women’s Faith
Through faith, women support the church’s ministry, giving their resources, tears, and time. By faith, women submit to their husbands in kindness and honor. By faith, they bear children in a broken world. They hope Christ will receive the fullness of his bride as we await his return. They seek a better resurrection. “Charm is deceitful, and beauty is vain, but a woman who fears the Lord is to be praised.” (Prov 31:30.)
Confidence in Her Future
The whole theme of Proverbs begins and ends with the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of all knowledge. This passage personifies wisdom and thus applies to both men and women. The fear of the Lord is the foundation of her faith, which empowers her to be an honorable woman who can do many things.
A woman’s faith gives her the power to “laugh in the days to come” because she trusts the all-powerful God. A woman’s belief drives her to be a good wife, mother, teacher, businesswoman, friend, and sister. It fuels her to manage the many daily details.
Confidence in Her Witness
Faith gives a woman the power to build a home, foster community, and be kind, self-controlled, sober, and reverent. It also makes her a good teacher.
The story of the Samaritan woman shows the power of a woman’s faith and how the Lord uses her to bring the gospel and save many in Samaria. It shows how a women’s faith sponsored Jesus’ ministry and spread the gospel after his resurrection. Women’s faith empowered them to share the good news of Christ. A woman’s faith powers good works. It dispels the devil’s lies and sets aside foolish talk. Through the Spirit, it shows modesty and self-control.
The Religious Power of a Woman
In biblical history, God’s kingdom advances not by sword or spear. Rather, it is through men and women, especially women, who trust in the LORD their God. Through religious, godly women, we see God’s word cherished and God’s power displayed.
Speaking of Religion
Religion is more than believing. It is more than a specific set of practices that a people group holds dear. “Religion that is pure and undefiled before God the Father is this: to visit orphans and widows in their affliction, and to keep oneself unstained from the world.” (Jas 1:27). Religion is the care of others, displaying God’s heart and love (Deut 10:18); it is about considering others and showing Christ’s tenderness. Impartial love extends to the helpless, the abandoned, and the outcast.
Caring for Others
The tenderness of God is best revealed through the love of a mother. The Pharaoh’s daughter cared for infant Moses, despite the irony of the situation, in a baby ark. This defied the Pharaoh’s edict against Hebrew children. Here, pure religion, despite the circumstances, gripped her heart for the child.
We see the same heart in Ruth’s care for her mother-in-law, one who does not share her heritage or her God. Esther’s care for her Jewish people leads Esther to give her life for their safety. Queen Esther risks it all for the doomed and scattered remnant of God.
Can We Demonstrate the Religious Power of Women?
In our lives, we can extend this same care to others because the Lord gives us the ultimate example in Christ. Older women should encourage and pray for younger women. They should instruct them in God’s word. They should also show their God-given role in their contexts. Through the Spirit of promise, we, too, can help others at home, at church, at work, and in our communities. We can display power of a woman in her tenderness and care.
The Political Power of a Woman
Deborah, the Judge
Women’s political power comes from their clever use of circumstances. They rely on God to lead the nation and their lives. The book of Judges has the only female judge, Deborah. She delivers Israel from the Canaanites. Deborah encourages and commissions Barak only when “the LORD has gone out before you” (Judg 4:14). As battle ensues, honor passes from Barak to Jael. She hands over the slain Sisera, the Canaanite army’s commander.
Women Trusting God
Women who entrust the battle to the LORD have no self-reliance or self-sufficiency. Their unwavering faith places the enemy in their lap, like a helpless child. Two women outmaneuver an army here, for the Lord is with them.
In Abigail’s story, her quick thinking and speed are not from fear. The LORD God prompts them, who will appease David’s wrath and prevent him from becoming another Nabal (fool). She is an excellent wife, a wise woman mismatched in life with a harsh and unreasonable man for a husband. But here God is greater than her circumstances.
In a tale of quiet deceit, festival food, and a hint of espionage, Abigail undoes a curse that Nabal brings upon himself and his people. The Lord is with Abigail to receive King David as the ruler of Israel, who will have an enduring house.
As the cherry on top, merry Nabal enjoys his last, ‘kingly’ feast. Then, he dies from heart problems ten days later. After hearing of her husband’s death, David proposes marriage to a wise and excellent woman.
Women Seeking God’s Wisdom and Care
We may not be of royal lineage or a political house. But, we can join Deborah, Jael, and Abigail. They are women who trust the Lord and seek His wisdom to guide their steps. We can seek him to guide and guard our hearts, to keep us from the hesitations of Barak and the folly of Nabal.
The Physical Power of a Woman
We think of Samson as a symbol of physical power. But Delilah’s charm dupes him, and his power is useless. Wherein lies the physical power of a woman? As mentioned, their bodies show great strength and resistance. They are a home and a barrier to life. Yet this kind of strength marches against our modern conception. The Scriptures lack a ‘superwoman’ equal, but they show that women are strong and beautiful due to their inner character.
Peter pitches obedience as inner strength. It marks the heart’s hidden person, precious to the Lord. The Spirit empowered Samson. He could kill lions and Philistines. Yet, he could not obey the Lord or honor his vows. It is this same weakness of obedience that is the strength and wisdom of Christ(1 Cor. 1:23) , (Phil 2:5-11) and the mark of Spirit in the body of Christ (Eph 5:22). One can say more about steadfastness (Hannah, 1 Sam 1-2), persistence (Luke 18:1-8), and holiness (1 Cor. 7:14). May we cast aside modern conventions for the true power that rests with God and overturns the power and wisdom of this world.
Prominent Women in the Bible as Role Models
It is not through weakness or modern ideas of submission. It is through wisdom and a deeper beauty. The scriptures show women who model godliness and faith.
In Rebekah’s story, we see the importance of godly marriage and its central place in the Word of the Lord. Marriage and childbearing are essential to the Lord God, so they should not be chucked up to chance, dating apps, and modern science. Rebekah calls us to do the same, to seek the Lord in these most important matters.
In the account of Abigail, we see how this wise woman restrains the return of evil for evil, preventing David from the folly of vengeance. We see the spiritual gifts of prophecy and discernment win the favor of David and his men.
In Queen Esther, we find a strong, powerful woman. She ignores convention to save the Lord’s people, even if it costs her life.
The New Testament has many role models. In Jesus’ mother, Mary, we find a woman awaiting the consolation of Israel, as did Simeon, and all that the Lord promised Abraham in humble obedience. Mary Magdalene, an early follower of Christ, funds his ministry. She sacrifices her resources to advance the kingdom of God. The pastoral epistles show that older women must model temperance and proper speech. They should use their influence to guide the younger women in the church.
Concluding Thoughts
Genesis 3 holds a promise related to Eve’s seed. It looks forward to God’s promises in Christ, the true seed. God’s promises also extend to the spiritual offspring born of his Word and Spirit. Thereby, God counts those born of his grace as his children.
As women trust God and bear children in a broken world, they await the new heaven and Earth. There, Christ will receive the fullness of his bride – the fruit of the womb. Labor pains will cease as “His blessings flow, Far as the curse is found.”8
Recommended Reading
Women and God: Hard Questions, Beautiful Truth by Kathleen Nielson
The Turning Point for Women by David Feddes
Endnotes
- R. G. Branch, “Eve,” ed. T. Desmond Alexander and David W. Baker, Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2003), 241. ↑ ↩︎
- Holy Bible. ESV. Gen 49:25; Ex 18:4; Deut 33:26 ; Ps 121:1–2; 146:5; Hos 13:9 ↑ ↩︎
- “The Westminster Confession,” The Westminster Assembly, accessed July 24, 2024, and Q20 Larger Catechism. ↑ ↩︎
- WCF 7.6 ↑ ↩︎
- A further resource on the subject is Christy Bauman’s Theology of the Womb: Knowing God through the Body of a Woman ↑ ↩︎
- https://gomidwife.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/nurturing-the-nations-darrow-l.-miller.pdf ↑ ↩︎
- https://gomidwife.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/nurturing-the-nations-darrow-l.-miller.pdf, 96 ↩︎
- Joy to the world! the Lord is come, Isaac Watts, 1674-1748 ↑ ↩︎
